Ezopovy bajky
Čtenářský deník
Ezopovy bajky
Žánrové zařazení: (epické) bajky
Z této sbírky bajek jsem vybrala tyto tři bajky:
- Zajíci a žáby
- Lev a pastýř
- Pravdomluvný, lhář a opice
Zajíci a žáby
Postavy: žáby, zajíci
Děj bajky (o čem to je):
Zajíci už nemohou snést své životy plné nejistoty a nebezpečí. Proto se rozhodnou spáchat hromadnou sebevraždu skokem do rybníka. Když se zajíci blíží k rybníku, spatří, jak žáby sedící v trávě strachy naskákali do rybníka. V tom si jeden zajíc uvědomí, že oni nejsou jediní, kdo je na tom špatně a je přece lepší nést bídu života trpělivě, zvláště když to nemusí být navždy a praví to ostatním.
Ponaučení: To, co se nyní děje i když je to hrozné není na vždy. Život se skládá jak z dobrého, tak ze špatného.
Lev a pastýř:
Postavy: zraněný lev, strachuplný pastýř, lidé a soudce, ovce
Děj:
Lev si zarazí trn do tlapy, která mu opuchne. Lva napadne, najít pomoc u pastýře a dokulhá se k jeho obydlí. Pastýř má však z lva strach, aby mu neublížil, radši mu podhazuje ovce. O ty lev nejeví zájem a přitom vrtí ocasem, aby se pastýř nebál. Nakonec se lev dopajdá až k pastýři, který když spatří lvovo zranění, tak mu pomůže.
Za nějaký čas je lev chycen lidmi na bojovou slavnost, při které má být zabit právě ten pastýř, který mu pomohl. Pastýř je hozen do jámy jako potrava pro divou zvěř. Jakmile je lev vpuštěn, pozná svého zachránce a brání ho proti ostatním. Všechny přítomné to velice dojme, a když pastýř vypoví a vysvětlí svůj zážitek se lvem, i soudce se smiluje.
Ponaučení: Čiň druhému v dobrém, on se k tobě bude také tak chovat. Dobrý skutek se ti jednou vrátí.
Pravdomluvný, lhář a opice
Postavy: úlisný lhář, pravdomluvný člověk, opičí král, opice
Děj:
Pravdomluvný a lhář putují světem, až se dostanou do opičí země, kde panuje samozvaný opičí král. Ten je nechá zajmout a odnést k nejvyššímu místu, kam si nechá přenést trůn a svolá všechny obyvatele. Opičí král se tázá zajatců, za koho ho považují. Lhář praví, že opičák je král a ostatní jsou jeho dvořané a všechny je vychválí. Opičák lháře štědře odmění. Po té chce znát odpověď pravdomluvného zajatce. Ten řekne, že všichni jsou opice. Samozvaný vládce ho nechá opicemi roztrhat.
Ponaučení: Není snadné říci celou pravdu pánům, vždy je na tom lépe ten, který ostatním pochlebuje, než ten, který je upřímný.
Shrnutí:
Vyprávění v er-formě, epické. Pochází z počátku Antiky, bajky se odehrávají v různých prostředích například statek, les. Tato knížka se mi líbila. Jsem ráda, že jsem si mohla přečíst některé pro mě zatím neznámé bajky.
Ezop (řecky Αἴσωπος, Aisópos) je považován za zakladatele bajek. Působil v Řecku asi v 6. století př. n. l. Jeho tvorba byla z počátku přednášena jen ústně a zapsána byla až ve 3. století př. n. l. (Demétrios Falerón, autorem latinského, veršovaného textu je Phaedrus).
Údaje o autorovi nejsou spolehlivě doloženy. S Ezopovým jménem byla ve starověku spojována většina bajek, ať už byly napsány prózou nebo ve verších. Některé zdroje uvádí, že byl ošklivý a hrbatý, leč velmi chytrý a duchaplný řecký otrok, který díky své duchaplnosti získal od svého pána svobodu. Ezop za svého života hodně cestoval. Pomocí bajek poukazoval na nešvary tehdejší doby.O několik let později umírá na ostrově Samos.
Základem bajky je alegorie, kdy zvířata jednají jako lidé a z tohoto jednání vyplyne nějaké poučení, či kritika chyby, která ve většině případech bývá čtenářovi již známa. Jednotlivá zvířata tím získávají lidské vlastnosti, které se pro ně tímto stávají typické:
· Lev - síla
· Šakal - úlisnost a prohnanost
· Liška – mazanost, vychytralost
· Býk – prostosrdečnost
· Myš – obětavost
· Psi – věrnost a družnost
· Zajíc – vychytralost atd.
V reálném světě zvířata nemusí být nositeli těchto vlastností, ale lidé jim je z nějakého důvodu (např. vizuálního) přisoudili, tyto vlastnosti.
Cílem bajky je kritizovat nějaké společenské nešvary, působit na lidi a vychovat je k odstranění těchto zlozvyků. Nejčastěji se tak děje humornou formou, pomocí ironie a satiry.
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